侈靡

This chapter presents the Guanzi's most controversial economic theory: that state-directed extravagant spending can stimulate the economy and redistribute wealth. 'How to transform the times? Nothing is better than extravagance and prodigality.' Cheapen what has substance; honor what has no use — then the people can be governed. The logic: when the wealthy spend lavishly, the poor gain employment making luxury goods. Grand funerals employ woodworkers, weavers, and builders. Elaborate tombs employ laborers. The money circulates downward. 'The wealthy squander it; the poor produce it — this gives the hundred families their livelihood.' Simultaneously: 'Differing customs in each district and different rites in each state keep the people from drifting. Different laws keep the people from despair.' This chapter also contains extensive cosmological speculation on yin-yang cycles, seasonal governance, and diplomatic strategy.