公孫弘的崛起
The Rise of Gongsun Hong
丞相公孫弘者,齊菑川國薛縣人也,字季。少時為薛獄吏,有罪,免。家貧,牧豕海上。年四十餘,乃學春秋雜說。養後母孝謹。
建元元年,天子初即位,招賢良文學之士。是時弘年六十,徵以賢良為博士。使匈奴,還報,不合上意,上怒,以為不能,弘乃病免歸。
元光五年,有詔徵文學,菑川國復推上公孫弘。弘讓謝國人曰:「臣已嘗西應命,以不能罷歸,原更推選。」國人固推弘,弘至太常。太常令所徵儒士各對策,百餘人,弘第居下。策奏,天子擢弘對為第一。召入見,狀貌甚麗,拜為博士。是時通西南夷道,置郡,巴蜀民苦之,詔使弘視之。還奏事,盛毀西南夷無所用,上不聽。
弘為人恢奇多聞,常稱以為人主病不廣大,人臣病不儉節。弘為布被,食不重肉。後母死,服喪三年。每朝會議,開陳其端,令人主自擇,不肯面折庭爭。於是天子察其行敦厚,辯論有餘,習文法吏事,而又緣飾以儒術,上大說之。二歲中,至左內史。弘奏事,有不可,不庭辯之。嘗與主爵都尉汲黯請間,汲黯先發之,弘推其後,天子常說,所言皆聽,以此日益親貴。嘗與公卿約議,至上前,皆倍其約以順上旨。汲黯庭詰弘曰:「齊人多詐而無情實,始與臣等建此議,今皆倍之,不忠。」上問弘。弘謝曰:「夫知臣者以臣為忠,不知臣者以臣為不忠。」上然弘言。左右幸臣每毀弘,上益厚遇之。
元朔三年,張歐免,以弘為御史大夫。是時通西南夷,東置滄海,北築朔方之郡。弘數諫,以為罷敝中國以奉無用之地,原罷之。於是天子乃使硃買臣等難弘置朔方之便。發十策,弘不得一。弘乃謝曰:「山東鄙人,不知其便若是,原罷西南夷、滄海而專奉朔方。」上乃許之。
汲黯曰:「弘位在三公,奉祿甚多。然為布被,此詐也。」上問弘。弘謝曰:「有之。夫九卿與臣善者無過黯,然今日庭詰弘,誠中弘之病。夫以三公為布被,誠飾詐欲以釣名。且臣聞管仲相齊,有三歸,侈擬於君,桓公以霸,亦上僭於君。晏嬰相景公,食不重肉,妾不衣絲,齊國亦治,此下比於民。今臣弘位為御史大夫,而為布被,自九卿以下至於小吏,無差,誠如汲黯言。且無汲黯忠,陛下安得聞此言。」天子以為謙讓,愈益厚之。卒以弘為丞相,封平津侯。
弘為人意忌,外寬內深。諸嘗與弘有卻者,雖詳與善,陰報其禍。殺主父偃,徙董仲舒於膠西,皆弘之力也。食一肉脫粟之飯。故人所善賓客,仰衣食,弘奉祿皆以給之,家無所餘。士亦以此賢之。
淮南、衡山謀反,治黨與方急。弘病甚,自以為無功而封,位至丞相,宜佐明主填撫國家,使人由臣子之道。今諸侯有畔逆之計,此皆宰相奉職不稱,恐竊病死,無以塞責。乃上書曰:「臣聞天下之通道五,所以行之者三。曰君臣,父子,兄弟,夫婦,長幼之序,此五者天下之通道也。智,仁,勇,此三者天下之通德,所以行之者也。故曰'力行近乎仁,好問近乎智,知恥近乎勇'。知此三者,則知所以自治;知所以自治,然後知所以治人。天下未有不能自治而能治人者也,此百世不易之道也。今陛下躬行大孝,鑒三王,建周道,兼文武,厲賢予祿,量能授官。今臣弘罷駑之質,無汗馬之勞,陛下過意擢臣弘卒伍之中,封為列侯,致位三公。臣弘行能不足以稱,素有負薪之病,恐先狗馬填溝壑,終無以報德塞責。原歸侯印,乞骸骨,避賢者路。」天子報曰:「古者賞有功,褎有德,守成尚文,遭遇右武,未有易此者也。朕宿昔庶幾獲承尊位,懼不能寧,惟所與共為治者,君宜知之。蓋君子善善惡惡,君若謹行,常在朕躬。君不幸罹霜露之病,何恙不已,乃上書歸侯,乞骸骨,是章朕之不德也。今事少間,君其省思慮,一精神,輔以醫藥。」因賜告牛酒雜帛。居數月,病有瘳,視事。
Chancellor Gongsun Hong was from Xue County in Zichuan, Qi. In his youth he served as a prison clerk but was dismissed for an offense. Too poor to do otherwise, he herded pigs by the sea. He did not begin studying the Spring and Autumn Annals until past forty. He tenderly cared for his stepmother.
First summoned in 141 BC as a Worthy and Good candidate, he was sent as envoy to the Xiongnu but offended the emperor and was dismissed. In 130 BC, summoned again at the age of sixty, he ranked last among over a hundred scholars in the written examination — but the emperor personally elevated his essay to first place and appointed him Erudite. Hong always presented the framework of an issue and let the emperor choose the conclusion, never arguing face-to-face at court. The emperor found him learned, dutiful, and skilled at decorating bureaucratic competence with Confucian rhetoric. Within two years he became Left Secretary of the Capital.
Hong wore coarse cloth bedding and ate only one dish of meat. Ji An accused him of hypocrisy: "He holds the rank of one of the Three Excellencies with a generous salary, yet sleeps under hemp — this is fraud." Hong replied: "Ji An is right. Among the Nine Ministers, none knows my failings better. Yet Guan Zhong lived in luxury rivaling his ruler's, and Duke Huan still became hegemon. Yanzi lived in austerity, and Qi was also well governed. Now I, as Censor-in-Chief, sleep under hemp cloth so that there is no distinction between me and the lowest clerk — it is indeed as Ji An says. But without Ji An's honesty, how would Your Majesty hear such criticism?" The emperor, impressed by this humility, made him Chancellor and Marquis of Pingjin.
Notes
Gongsun Hong (公孫弘, c. 200–121 BC) was the first commoner in Han history to rise to Chancellor. His apparent frugality and Confucian learning concealed a vindictive nature — he engineered the deaths of Zhufu Yan and the exile of Dong Zhongshu.
Ji An (汲黯, d. c. 112 BC) was one of the most outspoken critics at Emperor Wu's court, famous for his blunt honesty. His confrontation with Gongsun Hong became a celebrated example of court debate.
