外物 (External Things) — Chinese ink painting

莊子 Zhuangzi · Chapter 26

外物

External Things

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涸轍之鮒

The Fish in the Dried-Up Rut

莊周家貧,故往貸粟於監河侯。監河侯曰:"諾。我將得邑金,將貸子三百金,可乎?"莊周忿然作色曰:"周昨來,有中道而呼者,周顧視車轍,中有鮒魚焉。周問之曰:'鮒魚來,子何為者耶?'對曰:'我,東海之波臣也。君豈有斗升之水而活我哉!'周曰:'諾,我且南遊吳越之王,激西江之水而迎子,可乎?'鮒魚忿然作色曰:'吾失我常與,我無所處。我得斗升之水然活耳。君乃言此,曾不如早索我於枯魚之肆。'"

Zhuangzi's family was poor, so he went to borrow grain from the Marquis Who Oversees the River. The marquis said: 'Certainly. I shall receive the tax revenues from my fief soon and will then lend you three hundred pieces of gold. Would that be all right?' Zhuangzi flushed with anger and said: 'On my way here yesterday, I heard a voice calling from the middle of the road. I looked and saw a carp in the rut of a cartwheel track. I said: "What are you doing here, carp?" It replied: "I am a minister of the waves of the Eastern Sea. Could you give me a dipperful of water to keep me alive?" I said: "Certainly. I am heading south to visit the kings of Wu and Yue. I shall divert the waters of the West River to welcome you. Would that be all right?" The carp flushed with anger and said: "I have lost my element and have no place to go. A dipperful of water is all I need to stay alive. If that is all you can offer, you'd better look for me soon in the dried-fish stall!"'

得魚忘荃

Catch the Fish, Forget the Trap

荃者所以在魚,得魚而忘荃;蹄者所以在兔,得兔而忘蹄;言者所以在意,得意而忘言。吾安得夫忘言之人而與之言哉!

The fish trap exists because of the fish. Once you have the fish, you can forget the trap. The rabbit snare exists because of the rabbit. Once you have the rabbit, you can forget the snare. Words exist because of meaning. Once you have the meaning, you can forget the words. Where can I find a person who has forgotten words, so I can have a word with them?

Notes

1context

This passage became one of the foundational principles of Chinese aesthetics and literary theory. The injunction to 'forget the words once you have the meaning' (得意忘言) influenced centuries of painting, poetry, and calligraphy — all arts that aim to convey something beyond what the medium itself can express. The closing paradox (wanting to speak with someone who has forgotten speech) is pure Zhuangzi.

Edition & Source

Text
《莊子》 Zhuangzi
Edition
《四部叢刊》本
Commentary
Traditional Daoist commentaries