The Reign of Khosrow Parviz (Part 8) — Persian miniature painting

Shahnameh · Fall of the Sasanians

The Reign of Khosrow Parviz (Part 8)

پادشاهی خسرو پرویز ۸

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خاتون و آرزوی کین از اژدها

The Khatun's Plea and the Dragon of the Mountain

کنون تا بیامد ز ایران بچین به لرزد همی زیر اسپش زمین خداوند خواند همی مهترش همی تاج شاهی نهد بر سرش بدو گفت خاتون که با فراوی سز دگر بنازیم در پر اوی یکی آرزو زو بخواهم درست چو خاقان نگردد بدان کارسست بخواهد مگر ز اژدها کین من برو بشنود درد و نفرین من بدو گفت کهتر گر این داستان بخواند برو مهتر راستان تو از شیر کپی نیابی نشان مگر کشته و گرگ پایش کشان چو خاتون شنید این سخن شاد شد ز تیمار آن دختر آزاد شد همی‌تاخت تا پیش خاقان رسید یکایک بگفت آنچ دید وشنید بدو گفت خاقان که عاری بود بجایی که چون من سواری بود همی شر کپی خورد دخترم بگوییم و ننگی شود گوهرم ندانند کان اژدهای دژم همی کوه آهن رباید به دم اگر دختر شاه نامی بود همان شاه را جان گرامی بود بدو گفت خاتون که من کین خویش بخواهم ز بهر جهان بین خویش اگر ننگ باشد وگر نام من بگویم برآید مگر کام من برآمد برین نیز روز دراز نهانی ز هرکس همی‌داشت راز چنان بد که خاقان یکی سور کرد جهان را بران سور پر نور کرد فرستاد بهرام یل رابخواند چو آمدش برتخت زرین نشاند چو خاتون پس پرده آوا شنید بشد تیز و بهرام یل را بدید فراوانش بستود وکرد آفرین که آباد بادا بتو ترک و چین یکی آرزو خواهم از شهریار که باشد بران آرزو کامگار بدو گفت بهرام فرمان تو راست برین آرزو کام و پیمان تو راست بدو گفت خاتون کز ایدر نه دور یکی مرغزارست زیبای سور جوانان چین اندران مرغزار یکی جشن سازند گاه بهار ازان بیشه پرتاب یک تیروار یکی کوه بینی سیه‌تر ز قار بران کوه خارا یکی اژدهاست که این کشور چین ازو در بلاست یکی شیر کپیش خواند همی دگر نیز نامش نداند همی یکی دخترم بد ز خاقان چین که خورشید کردی برو آفرین از ایوان بشد نزد آن جشنگاه که خاقان به نخچیر بد با سپاه بیامد ز کوه اژدهای دژم کشید آن بهار مرا او بدم کنون هر بهاری بران مرغزار چنان هم بیاید ز بهر شکار برین شهر ما را جوانی نماند همان نامور پهلوانی نماند شدند از پی شیرکپی هلاک برانگیخت از بوم آباد خاک سواران چینی ومردان کار بسی تاختند اندران کوهسار چو از دور بینند چنگال اوی برو پشت و گوش و سر و یال اوی بغرد بدرد دل مرد جنگ مر او را چه شیر و چه پیل و نهنگ کس اندر نیارد شدن پیش اوی چوگیرد شمار کم و بیش اوی

Since Bahram had come from Iran to China, the earth trembled beneath his horse's hooves. The Khaqan called him lord and set a royal crown upon his head. The Khatun — the Khaqan's wife — said to her attendant: "We should take pride in him. I will ask one true favor of him. If the Khaqan does not waver in this matter, perhaps Bahram will avenge me against the dragon and hear my grief and curses."

The attendant replied: "If you bring this story before the great man, you will find no trace of the shir-kapi — unless it is dead and wolves are dragging its legs."

The Khatun was glad to hear this. She was freed from her grief over her lost daughter. She rode swiftly to the Khaqan and told him everything she had seen and heard.

The Khaqan said: "It would be a disgrace — in a court where a horseman like me sits — to say that a shir-kapi devoured my daughter. If we speak of it, shame stains my lineage. People do not understand that this fearsome dragon snatches mountains of iron in its jaws. Even if the princess was a king's daughter, a king's life is also precious to him."

The Khatun replied: "I will seek my own vengeance for the sake of my own eyes. Whether it brings me shame or fame, I will speak — perhaps my wish will be fulfilled."

Many days passed, and she kept the secret hidden from everyone. Then it happened that the Khaqan held a great feast and filled the world with its splendor. He sent for Bahram the champion and seated him upon the golden throne. When the Khatun heard voices behind the curtain, she came forward quickly and saw Bahram. She praised him lavishly and blessed him: "May Turk and China flourish through you! I have one desire to ask of the king — may he grant it."

Bahram said: "Your command stands. In this desire, your wish and your pledge are law."

The Khatun told him: "Not far from here lies a meadow fit for celebration, where the young men of China hold a festival each spring. A bowshot from that grove, you will see a mountain blacker than pitch. Upon that rocky mountain dwells a dragon that has brought calamity upon all China. They call it the shir-kapi — none know it by any other name. I had a daughter by the Khaqan of China, whom the sun itself would have praised. She went from the palace to the festival ground while the Khaqan was out hunting with his army. The fearsome dragon came down from the mountain and snatched my flower in its jaws. Now every spring it comes to that meadow to hunt. Because of it, no young man remains in our city, no famous champion survives. They perished going after the shir-kapi. It has raised dust from our settled land. Chinese horsemen and fighting men have ridden hard through those mountains, but when they see its claws from a distance — its back, its ears, its head, its mane — it roars, and the heart of even a warrior is torn apart. Against it, lion, elephant, and whale are nothing. No one dares approach it once they reckon its size."

Notes

1personبهرامBahram

Bahram Chobin (Bahram VI), the Sasanian general who fled to China after his failed rebellion against Khosrow II.

2personخاقانKhaqan

The Khaqan — the ruler of China and the Turks in the Shahnameh's geography. Historically a composite figure drawing on Turkic and Central Asian rulers.

3personخاتونKhatun

The Khaqan's wife, who lost a daughter to the dragon and seeks vengeance.

4creature

Literally 'lion-ape' (شیر کپی). A monstrous creature — part dragon, part beast — dwelling on a black mountain. Ferdowsi uses 'dragon' (اژدها) and shir-kapi interchangeably for the same creature.

کشتن بهرام اژدها را

Bahram Slays the Dragon

بدو گفت بهرام فردا پگاه بیایم ببینم من این جشنگاه به نیروی یزدان که او داد زور بلند آفریننده‌ی ماه وهور بپردازم از اژدها جشنگاه چو بشگیر ما را نمایند راه چو پیدا شد ازآسمان گرد ماه شب تیره بفشاند گرد سیاه پراکنده گشتند و مستان شدند وز آنجای هرکس به ایوان شدند چو پیداشد آن فرخورشید زرد به پیچید زلف شب لاژورد قژ آگند پوشید بهرام گرد گرامی تنش را به یزدان سپرد کمند و کمان برد و شش چوبه تیر یکی نیزه دو شاخ نخچیرگیر چوآمد به نزدیک آن برزکوه بفرمود تا بازگردد گروه بران شیر کپی چو نزدیک شد تو گفتی برو کوه تاریک شد میان اندارن کوه خارا ببست بخم کمند از بر زین نشست کمان را بمالید وبر زه نهاد ز یزدان نیکی دهش کرد باد چو بر اژدها برشدی موی‌تر نبودی برو تیر کس کارگر شد آن شیر کپی به چشمه درون به غلتید و برخاست و آمد برون بغرید و بر زد بران سنگ دست همی آتش از کوه خارا بجست کمان را بمالید بهرام گرد به تیر از هوا روشنایی ببرد خدنگی بینداخت شیر دلیر برشیر کپی شد از جنگ سیر دگر تیر بهرام زد بر سرش فرو ریخت چون آب خون ازبرش سیوم تیر و چارم بزد بر دهانش که بردوخت برهم دهان و زبانش به پنجم بزد تیر بر چنگ اوی همی‌دید نیروی و آهنگ اوی بهشتم میانش گشاد از کمند بجست از بر کوهسار بلند بزد نیزه‌یی بر میان دده که شد سنگ خارا به خون آژده وزان پس بشمشیر یازید مرد تن اژدها را به دونیم کرد سر از تن جدا کند و بفگند خوار ازان پس فرود آمد از کوهسار

Bahram said: "Tomorrow at dawn I will come to see this festival ground. By the power of God, who gave strength — the exalted Creator of moon and sun — I will clear the festival ground of the dragon, if you show me the way."

When the moon appeared in the sky and the dark night scattered its black dust, the guests dispersed in their cups and each went home. When the pale golden sun rose and twisted the dark curls of night away, Bahram the warrior put on padded armor and committed his body to God. He took a lasso, a bow, six arrows, and a two-pronged hunting lance.

When he reached the foot of the tall mountain, he ordered his escort to turn back. As he drew near the shir-kapi, it was as though a dark mountain fell across him. He secured himself to the rocky mountainside with a loop of his lasso and sat firm in the saddle. He rubbed the bow and set the string, and prayed to God for success.

When the dragon's hair was wet — for no one's arrow could pierce it when dry — the shir-kapi had gone into a spring, rolled about, risen, and come out. It roared and struck the rock with its claw; sparks of fire leapt from the stone.

Bahram rubbed his bow. With his arrows he cut the light from the sky. The lion-hearted warrior loosed a shaft of poplar-wood and the shir-kapi staggered from the fight. A second arrow struck its head, and blood poured down like water. The third and fourth arrows he drove into its mouth, stitching its jaws and tongue together. The fifth arrow he planted in its claw, watching its strength and fury. Then he loosened the lasso from his waist, sprang onto the high ridge, and drove the two-pronged lance through the beast's middle. The rocky stone was soaked in blood. After that, the man reached for his sword and split the dragon's body in two. He severed the head from the trunk, cast it down, and descended from the mountain.

Notes

1context

The detail that the dragon's hide is impenetrable when dry but vulnerable when wet is a classic motif — recalling Siegfried's dragon in Germanic legend. Bahram waits for the creature to bathe in the spring before attacking.

2context

Bahram's systematic archery — targeting head, mouth, claw — then finishing with lance and sword, mirrors the methodical killing technique of an elite Sasanian cavalryman (savaran).

پیوند بهرام با دختر خاقان و نامه‌ی خسرو

Bahram Weds the Khaqan's Daughter and Khosrow's Threatening Letter

ازان بیشه خاقان و خاتون برفت دمان و دنان تا برکوه تفت خروشی برآمد ز گردان چین کز آواز گفت بلرزد زمین به بهرام برآفرین خواندند بسی گوهر و زر برافشاندند چو خاتون بشد دست او بوس داد برفتند گردان فرخ نژاد همه هم زبان آفرین خواندند ورا شاه ایران زمین خواندند گرفتش سپهدار چین در کنار وزان پس ورا خواندی شهریار چو خاقان چینی به ایوان رسید فرستاده‌یی مهربان برگزید فرستاد ده بدره گنجی درم همن به دره و برده از بیش و کم که رو پیش بهرام جنگی بگوی که نزدیک ما یافتی آب روی پس پرده‌ی ما یکی دخترست که بر تارک اختران افسرست کنون گر بخواهی ز من دخترم سپارم بتو لشکر و کشورم بدو گفت بهرام کاری رواست جهاندار بر بندگان پادشاست به بهرام داد آن زمان دخترش به فرمان او شد همه کشورش بفرمود تا پیش او شد دبیر نوشتند منشور نو بر حریر بدو گفت هرکس کز ایران سرست ببخشش نگر تا کرا در خورست بر آیین چین خلعت آراستند فراوان کلاه و کمر خواستند جزاز داد و خورد شکارش نبود غم گردش روزگارش نبود بزرگان چینی و گردنکشان ز بهرام یل داشتندی نشان همه چین همی‌گفت ما بنده‌ایم ز بهر تو اندر جهان زنده‌ایم همی‌خورد بهرام و بخشید چیز برو بر بسی آفرین بود نیز چنین تا خبرها به ایران رسید بر پادشاه دلیران رسید که بهرام را پادشاهی و گنج ازان تو بیش است نابرده رنج پراز درد و غم شد ز تیمار اوی دلش گشت پیچان ز کردار اوی همی رای زد با بزرگان بهم بسی گفت و انداخت از بیش و کم شب تیره فرمود تا شد دبیر سرخامه را کرد پیکان تیر به خاقان چینی یکی نامه کرد تو گفتی که از خنجرش خامه کرد نخست آفرین کرد بر کردگار توانا و دانا و به روزگار برازنده‌ی هور و کیوان و ماه نشاننده شاه بر پیش گاه گزاینده‌ی هرکه جوید بدی فزاینده‌ی دانش ایزدی ز نادانی و دانش وراستی ز کمی و کژی و از کاستی بیابی چو گویی که یزدان یکیست ورا یار وهمتا و انباز نیست بیابد هر آنکس که نیکی بجست مباد آنک او دست بد را بشست یکی بنده بد شاه را ناسپاس نه مهتر شناس و نه یزدان شناس یکی خرد و بیکار و بی‌نام بود پدر بر کشیدش که هنگام بود نهان نیست کردار او در جهان میان کهان و میان مهان کس او را نپذیرفت کش مایه بود وگر در خرد برترین پایه بود بنزد تو آمد بپذرفتیش چو پر مایگان دست بگرفتیش کس این راه برگیرد از راستان ؟ نیم من بدین کار هم داستان چو این نامه آرند نزدیک تو پر اندیشه کن رای تاریک تو گر آن بنده را پای کرده ببند فرستی بر ما شوی سودمند وگر نه فرستم ز ایران سپاه به توران کنم روز روشن سیاه

The Khaqan and the Khatun hurried from the grove, breathless and burning, up to the mountain. A great shout rose from the warriors of China — so loud you would say the earth shook. They called down blessings upon Bahram and scattered jewels and gold over him. The Khatun went forward and kissed his hand. The nobles of illustrious lineage all blessed him in one voice and called him King of Iran.

The commander of China embraced him, and from that day called him "lord of lords." When the Khaqan returned to his palace, he chose a gracious envoy and sent ten purses of treasure in silver coin, along with slaves and goods in abundance, saying: "Go before Bahram the warrior and tell him: 'You have won honor in our eyes. Behind my curtain is a daughter who is a crown upon the heads of stars. If you wish, ask me for my daughter — I will entrust my army and my kingdom to you.'"

Bahram replied: "This is proper. The lord of the world is sovereign over his servants." The Khaqan gave him his daughter then and there, and his entire realm came under Bahram's command. He ordered a scribe forward, and they wrote a new charter on silk. The Khaqan said: "Whoever among the Iranians is a man of rank — see who deserves a reward." They prepared robes of honor in the Chinese fashion and distributed many crowns and belts.

Bahram had no care except justice, feasting, and the hunt. The turn of fortune gave him no anxiety. The grandees and nobles of China took their mark from Bahram the champion. All China said: "We are his servants — we live in this world for his sake." Bahram feasted and gave liberally, and blessings were heaped upon him.

So it went until reports reached Iran and came before the king of warriors — that Bahram's sovereignty and treasure now exceeded Khosrow's own, and without any effort. Khosrow was filled with grief and resentment. His heart twisted at Bahram's conduct. He took counsel with the great men and debated the matter at length.

One dark night, he ordered the scribe forward and sharpened his pen to a spear-point. He composed a letter to the Khaqan of China — you would say he had fashioned his pen from a dagger. First he praised the Creator: the Powerful, the Knowing, the Beneficent of Time; the Adorner of sun, Saturn, and moon; the Setter of kings upon thrones; the Punisher of all who seek evil; the Increaser of divine wisdom.

"Through ignorance and knowledge, through uprightness and crookedness and diminishment — you will find the truth when you say that God is One, and has no companion, no equal, no partner. Whoever seeks goodness shall find it. May he be cursed who has washed his hands of goodness.

"There was a servant, ungrateful to the king — knowing neither his lord nor God. He was small, idle, and nameless. His father raised him up because the time demanded it. His deeds are no secret in the world, among the lowly and the great alike. No one of substance accepted him, even if he stood on the highest rung of wisdom. He came to you, and you received him. You took his hand as though he were a man of worth. Would any righteous man take this path? I do not approve of this affair.

"When this letter is brought before you, let your dark counsel grow full of thought. If you bind that servant's feet in chains and send him to us, you will profit. If not, I will send an army from Iran and turn your bright day to black across Turan."

Notes

1context

Khosrow's letter is a masterpiece of royal arrogance — he refers to the Khaqan's honored son-in-law as a 'small, idle, nameless servant.' The threat to invade Turan (Central Asia) echoes the ancient Iran-Turan wars of the Shahnameh's mythical cycles.

2personهرمزدHormozd

Hormozd IV, Bahram's original patron, who promoted him to supreme military command.

پاسخ خاقان و رای ایرانیان

The Khaqan's Defiant Reply and the Iranian Council

چوآن نامه نزدیک خاقان رسید بران گونه گفتار خسرو شنید فرستاده را گفت فردا پگاه چو آیی بدر پاسخ نامه خواه فرستاده آمد دلی پر شتاب نبد زان سپس جای آرام و خواب همی‌بود تا شمع رخشان بدید به درگاه خاقان چینی دوید بیاورد خاقان هم آنگه دبیر ابا خامه و مشک و چینی حریر به پاسخ نوشت آفرین نهان ز من بنده بر کردگار جهان دگر گفت کان نامه برخواندم فرستاده را پیش بنشاندم توبا بندگان زین سان سخن نزیبد از آن خاندان کهن که مه را ندارند یکسر به مه نه که را شناسند بر جای که همه چین و توران سراسر مراست به هیتال بر نیز فرمان رواست نیم تا بدم مرد پیمان شکن تو با من چنین داستانها مزن چو من دست بهرام گیرم بدست وزان پس به مهر اندرم آرم شکست نخواند مرا داور از آب پاک جز ار پاک ایزد مرا نیست باک تو را گر بزرگی بیفزایدی خرد بیشتر زین بدی شایدی بران نامه بر مهر بنهاد و گفت که با باد باید که باشید جفت فرستاده آمد به نزدیک شاه بیک ماه کهتر به پیمود راه چو برخواند آن نامه را شهریار بپیچید و ترسان شد از روزگار فرستاد و ایرانیان را بخواند سخنهای خاقان سراسر براند همان نامه بنمود و برخواندند بزرگان به اندیشه درماندند چنین یافت پاسخ ز ایرانیان که ای فرو آورند و تاج کیان چنین کارها بر دل آسان مگیر یکی رای زن با خردمند پیر به نامه چنین کار آسان مکن مکن تیره این فر و شمع کهن گزین کن از ایران یکی مرد پیر خردمند و زیبا و گرد و دبیر کز ایدر به نزدیک خاقان شود سخن گوید و راه او بشنود بگوید که بهرام روز نخست که بود و پس از پهلوانی چه جست همی تا کار او گشت راست خداوند را زان سپس بنده خواست چو نیکو گردد به یک ماه‌کار تمامی بسالی برد روزگار چو بهرام داماد خاقان بود ازو بد سرودن نه آسان بود به خوبی سخن گفت باید بسی نهانی نباید که داند کسی

When the letter reached the Khaqan and he heard Khosrow's words, he told the messenger: "Come to the gate tomorrow at dawn and ask for the reply."

The messenger came away with his heart racing. There was no place for rest or sleep after that. He waited until he saw the bright lamp of morning, then ran to the Khaqan's court. The Khaqan called for his scribe at once, with pen, musk-ink, and Chinese silk.

He wrote in reply: "Hidden blessings from me, a servant, upon the Creator of the world." Then he said: "I have read that letter and seated your envoy before me. You speak to your servants in such terms — it does not befit that ancient house of yours, which cannot tell the great from the great, nor recognize the small in the place of the small. All of China and Turan is mine entire; over Hephthal too my command runs. I have never in my life been a breaker of oaths. Do not spin such tales with me. If I were to take Bahram's hand in mine and then betray my bond of affection, the Judge would not call me clean. I fear none but the pure God. If greatness were truly growing in you, more wisdom than this would have been fitting."

He sealed the letter and said: "You had better ride with the wind."

The messenger returned to the king in just under a month's travel. When Khosrow read that letter, he writhed and grew fearful of what was coming. He summoned the Iranians and laid out everything the Khaqan had said. He showed them the letter, and they read it aloud. The great men were stricken with doubt.

The Iranians answered: "O upholder of the glory and crown of kings — do not take such matters lightly. Consult with a wise elder. Do not handle this so carelessly through letters. Do not dim the ancient flame and glory. Choose from Iran a man who is old, wise, capable, a warrior-scribe — let him go to the Khaqan, speak with him, and hear his reasoning. Let him explain who Bahram was in the beginning, what he sought after his rise to military command, and how once his affairs prospered, he wanted to make his master a servant. When a month's work turns out well, it takes a year to bring it to completion. Since Bahram is now the Khaqan's son-in-law, speaking ill of him will not be easy. The envoy must speak with great skill, and no one must know it is happening in secret."

Notes

1placeهیتالHephthal

The Hephthalites (White Huns), a Central Asian power that had been subjugated by the Turks. Their territory stretched across modern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia.

2context

The Iranian nobles counsel diplomatic finesse rather than threatening letters — a sharp rebuke of Khosrow's initial approach. The phrase 'do not dim the ancient flame' warns him not to squander Iran's prestige through clumsy diplomacy.

بهرام جنگ می‌خواهد و خراد برزین به چین می‌رود

Bahram Demands War and Khosrow Sends Kherad Barzin to China

ازان پس چو بشنید بهرام گرد کز ایران به خاقان کسی نامه برد بیامد دمان پیش خاقان چین بدو گفت کای مهتر به آفرین شنیدم که آن ریمن بد هنر همی نامه سازد یک اندر دگر سپاهی دلاور ز چین برگزین بدان تا تو را گردد ایران زمین بگیرم به شمشیر ایران و روم تو راشاه خوانم بران مرز و بوم بنام تو بر پاسبانان به شب به ایران و توران گشایند لب ببرم سر خسرو بی‌هنر که مه پای بادا ازیشان مه سر چون من کهتری را ببندم میان ز بن برکنم تخم ساسانیان چو بشنید خاقان پر اندیشه شد ورا در دل اندیشه چون بیشه شد بخواند آنکس‌ان را که بودند پیر سخنگوی و داننده و یادگیر بدیشان بگفت آنچ بهرام گفت همه رازها برگشاد از نهفت چنین یافت پاسخ ز فرزانگان ز خویشان نزدیک و بیگانگان که این کارخوارست و دشوارنیز که بر تخم ساسان پرآمد قفیز ولیکن چو بهرم راند سپاه نماید خردمند را رای و راه به ایران بسی دوستدارش بود چو خاقان یکی خویش و یارش بود برآید ببخت تو این کار زود سخنهای بهرام باید شنود چو بشنید بهرام دل تازه شد بخندید و بر دیگر اندازه شد بران برنهادند یکسر گوان که بگزید باید دو مردجوان که زیبد بران هر دو بر مهتری همان رنج کش باید و لشکری به چین مهتری بود حسنوی نام دگر سرکشی بود ز نگوی نام فرستاد خاقان یلان رابخواند به دیوان دینار دادن نشاند چنین گفت مهتر بدین هر دو مرد که هشیار باشید روز نبرد همیشه به بهرام دارید چشم چه هنگام شادی چه هنگام خشم گذرهای جیحون بدارید پاک ز جیحون به گردون برآرید خاک سپاهی دلاور بدیشان سپرد همه نامداران و شیران گرد برآمد ز درگاه بهرام کوس رخ خورشد از گرد چون آبنوس ز چین روی یکسر به ایران نهاد به روز سفندار مذ بامداد چو آگاهی آمد به شاه بزرگ که از بیشه بیرون خرامید گرگ سپاهی بیاورد بهرام گرد که از آسمان روشنایی ببرد بخراد بر زین چنین گفت شاه که بگزین برین کار بر چارماه یکی سوی خاقان بی‌مایه پوی سخن هرچ دانی که باید بگوی به ایران و نیران تو داناتری همان بر زبان بر تواناتری در گنج بگشاد و چندان گهر بیاورد شمشیر و زرین کمر که خراد برزین بران خیره ماند همی در نهان نام یزدان بخواند چو باهدیه‌ها راه چین بر گرفت به جیحون یکی راه دیگر گرفت

When Bahram heard that someone had carried a letter from Iran to the Khaqan, he came storming into the Khaqan's presence: "O blessed lord! I hear that loathsome, talentless man keeps writing letter after letter. Choose a valiant army from China, so that the land of Iran becomes yours. I will conquer Iran and Rome by the sword. I will proclaim you king over those lands — in your name the watchmen will open their lips at night across Iran and Turan. I will cut off the head of that worthless Khosrow — may neither foot nor head remain of them! When a servant like me girds himself for battle, I will tear the Sasanian seed out by the root."

The Khaqan heard this and was filled with thought — the thoughts in his heart grew like a forest. He summoned his elders, the eloquent, the learned, and the long-memoried, and told them everything Bahram had said, laying bare all secrets.

The wise men answered — kinsmen and outsiders alike: "This is a matter both easy and hard, for the measure of the Sasanian seed is running full. But if Bahram leads the army, the wise will see the plan and the way. He has many supporters in Iran. With the Khaqan as his kinsman and ally, this business will succeed quickly by your fortune. Bahram's words deserve to be heard."

Bahram's heart was refreshed when he heard this. He laughed and rose to a new stature. They agreed unanimously that two young commanders should be chosen, each fit for leadership, hardened and experienced in war. In China there was a chief named Hasnuy, and another bold man named Zanguy. The Khaqan summoned these warriors and seated them in the treasury to receive gold. He told them: "Stay alert on the day of battle. Keep your eyes always on Bahram, in times of joy and in times of wrath. Hold the crossings of the Oxus clean — raise dust from the Oxus to the heavens."

He entrusted a brave army to them — all famous warriors and fierce lions. The war-drums thundered from Bahram's gate, and the dust turned the face of the sun to ebony. From China they set their course straight for Iran, on the morning of Spandarmad Day.

When word reached the great king that the wolf had stalked out of the forest — that Bahram had brought an army so vast it blotted out the light from the sky — Khosrow said to Kherad Barzin: "Take four months for this mission. Go to that worthless Khaqan. Say everything you know that needs saying. In Iranian and non-Iranian matters, you are the most learned; on the tongue, you are the most capable." He opened the treasury and brought out such a quantity of jewels, swords, and golden belts that Kherad Barzin stood amazed and silently invoked the name of God.

When he set out with the gifts on the road to China, he took a different route by the Oxus.

Notes

1personخراد برزینKherad Barzin

Kherad Barzin (خراد برزین), Khosrow's most skilled diplomat, sent on the mission to China.

2placeجیحونJeyhun (Oxus)

The Oxus River (Amu Darya), the traditional boundary between Iran and Turan (Central Asia).

3context

Spandarmad Day — a day in the Zoroastrian calendar dedicated to the earth and devotion. Bahram's departure on this day may carry symbolic weight.

4personحسنوی / زنگویHasnuy / Zanguy

Hasnuy and Zanguy — two Chinese (Turkic) generals appointed to accompany Bahram's expedition.

خراد برزین در بارگاه خاقان و توطئه‌ی پنهان

Kherad Barzin at the Khaqan's Court and the Secret Plot

چو نزدیک درگاه خاقان رسید نگه کرد و گوینده‌یی برگزید بدان تا بگوید که از نزد شاه فرستاده آمد بدین بارگاه چو بشنید خاقان بیاراست گاه بفرمود تا برگشادند راه فرستاده آمد به تنگی فراز زبان کرد کوتاه و بردش نماز بدو گفت هرگه که فرمان دهی بگفتن زبان بر گشاید رهی بدو گفت خاقان به شیرین زبان دل مردم پیر گردد جوان بگو آن سخنها که سود اندروست سخن گفت مغزست و ناگفته پوست چو خراد بر زین شنید آن سخن بیاد آمدش کینهای کهن نخست آفرین کرد بر کردگار توانا داننده‌ی روزگار که چرخ و مکان و زمان آفرید توانایی و ناتوان آفرید همان چرخ گردنده‌ی بی ستون چرا نه به فرمان او در نه چون بدان آفرین کو جهان آفرید بلند آسمان و زمین گسترید توانا و دانا و دارنده اوست سپهر و زمین رانگارنده اوست به چرخ اندرون آفتاب آفرید شب و روز و آرام و خواب آفرید توانایی اوراست ما بنده‌ایم همه راستیهاش گوینده‌ایم یکی را دهد تاج و تخت بلند یکی را کند بنده و مستمند نه با اینش مهر و نه با آنش کین نداند کس این جز جهان آفرین که یک سر همه خاک را زاده‌ایم به بیچاره تن مرگ را داده‌ایم نخست اندر آیم ز جم برین جهاندار تهمورس بافرین چنین هم برو تاسر کی قباد همان نامداران که داریم یاد برین هم نشان تا به اسفندیار چو کیخسرو و رستم نامدار ز گیتی یکی دخمه شان بود بهر چشیدند بر جای تریاک زهر کنون شاه ایران بتن خویش تست همه شاد و غمگین به کم بیش تست به هنگام شاهان با آفرین پدر مادرش بود خاقان چین بدین روز پیوند ما تازه گشت همه کار بر دیگر اندازه گشت ز پیروز گر آفرین بر تو باد سرنامداران زمین تو باد همی‌گفت و خاقان بدو داده گوش چنین گفت کای مرد دانش فروش به ایران اگر نیز چون توکسست ستاینده آسمان او بسست بران گاه جایی بپرداختش به نزدیکی خویش به نشاختش به فرمان او هدیه‌ها پیش برد یکایک به گنج‌ور او برشمرد بدو گفت خاقان که بی‌خواسته مبادی تو اندر جهان کاسته گر از من پذیرفت خواهی تو چیز بگو تا پذیرم من آن چیز نیز وگر نه ز هدیه تو روشن‌تری بدانندگان جهان افسری یکی جای خرم بپرداختند ز هر گونه‌یی جامه‌ها ساختند بخوان و شکار و ببزم و به می به نزدیک خاقان بدی نیک پی همی‌جست و روزیش جایی بیافت به مردی به گفتارش اندر شتافت همی‌گفت بهرام بدگوهرست از آهر من بد کنش بدترست فروشد جهاندیدگان را به چیز که آن چیزگفت نیرزد پشیز ورا هرمز تاجور برکشید بارجش ز خورشید برتر کشید ندانست کس در جهان نام اوی ز گیتی بر آمد همه کام اوی اگر با تو بسیار خوبی کند به فرجام پیمان تو بشکند چنان هم که با شاه ایران شکست نه خسرو پرست و نه یزدان پرست گر او را فرستی به نزدیک شاه سر شاه ایران بر آری به ماه ازان پس همه چین و ایران تو راست نشستن گه آنجا کنی کت هواست چو خاقان شنید این سخن خیره شد دو چشمش ز گفتار او تیره شد بدو گفت زین سان سخنها مگوی که تیره کنی نزد ما آب روی نیم من بداندیش و پیمان شکن که پیمان شکن خاک یابد کفن چو بشنید خراد برزین سخن بدانست کان کار او شد کهن که بهرام دادش به ایران امید سخن گفتن من شود باد و بید چو امید خاقان بدو تیره گشت به بیچارگی سوی خاتون گذشت همی‌جست تاکیست نزدیک اوی که روشن کند جان تاریک اوی یکی کد خدایی بدست آمدش همان نیز با او نشست آمدش سخنهای خسرو بدو یاد کرد دل مرد بی‌تن بدان شاد کرد بدو گفت خاتون مرا دستگیر بود تا شوم بر درش بر دبیر چنین گفت با چاره گر کدخدای کزو آرزوها نیاید بجای که بهرام چوبینه داماد اوست و زویست بهرام را مغز وپوست تو مردی دبیری یکی چاره ساز وزین نیز بر باد مگشای راز چو خراد برزین شنید این سخن نه سر دید پیمان او را نه بن یکی ترک بد پیر نامش قلون که ترکان ورا داشتندی زبون همه پوستین بود پوشیدنش ز کشک و ز ارزن بدی خوردنش کسی را فرستاد و او را بخواند بران نامور جایگاهش نشاند مر او را درم داد و دینار داد همان پوشش و خورد بسیار داد چو بر خوان نشستی ورا خواندی بر نامدارانش بنشاندی پراندیشه بد مرد بسیاردان شکیبا دل و زیرک و کاردان وزان روی با کدخدای سرای ز خاتون چینی همی‌گفت رای همان پیش خاقان به روز و به شب چو رفتی همی‌داشتی بسته لب چنین گفت با مهتر آن مرد پیر که چون تو سرافراز مردی دبیر اگر در پزشکیت بهره بدی وگر نامت از دور شهره بدی یکی تاج نو بودیی بر سرش به ویژه که بیمار شد دخترش بدو گفت کاین دانشم نیز هست چو گویی بسایم برین کاردست بشد پیش خاتون دوان کد خدای که دانا پزشکی نوآمد به جای بدو گفت شادان زی و نوش خور بیارش مخار اندرین کارسر بیامد بخراد برزین بگفت که این راز باید که داری نهفت برو پیش او نام خود را مگوی پزشکی کن از خویشتن تازه‌روی به نزدیک خاتون شد آن چاره‌گر تبه دید بیمار او را جگر بفرمود تا آب نار آورند همان تره‌ی جویبار آورند کجا تره گر کاسنی خواندش تبش خواست کز مغز بنشاندش به فرمان یزدان چوشد هفت روز شد آن دخت چون ماه‌گیتی فروز بیاورد دینار خاتون ز گنج یکی بدره و تای زربفت پنج بدو گفت کاین ناسزاوار چیز بگیر و بخواه آنچ بایدت نیز چنین داد پاسخ که این را بدار بخواهم هر آنگه که آید به کار

When Kherad Barzin reached the Khaqan's court, he looked around and chose a herald to announce: "An envoy has come from the king to this court." The Khaqan heard and had his hall prepared, ordering the way opened. The envoy approached respectfully, kept his tongue short, and bowed.

He said: "Whenever you give permission, I will open my tongue to speak." The Khaqan replied: "With a sweet tongue, an old man's heart becomes young. Say whatever is useful — spoken words are the kernel, unspoken words the husk."

Kherad Barzin heard this and remembered the ancient grievances. He began with praise to the Creator: "The Powerful, the Knowing of Time, who created the heavens, space, and time, who created the strong and the weak. The turning sphere without pillar, neither obedient to why nor how — praise to Him who created the world, who spread the high sky and the earth. He is the Powerful, the Knowing, and the Sustainer; He is the Painter of the heavens and the earth. In the sky He created the sun; He created night and day, rest and sleep. The power is His — we are servants, we declare all His truths. To one He gives crown and high throne; another He makes a slave and wretched. He has neither love for this one nor hatred for that — no one knows this except the Creator of the world. We are all, every one, born of dust, and in our helpless bodies we are given over to death."

Then he invoked the lineage of kings: "Let me begin with blessed Jamshid, and Tahmuras the world-ruler, and onward through Kay Qobad and all the famous ones we remember — likewise down to Esfandiyar, Kay Khosrow, and Rostam the renowned. From the world, a tomb was their portion; in the place of healing, they tasted poison.

"Now the King of Iran is in his own person your kin. All his joy and grief, his fortunes great and small, are bound to you. In the time of the blessed kings, his forebear's mother and father was the Khaqan of China. In this age, our bond is renewed. Everything is now on a different scale. From the victorious one, blessings be upon you — may you be the head of the renowned men of the earth."

The Khaqan listened with full attention and said: "O merchant of wisdom! If there is another in Iran like you, heaven's praise is sufficient for him." He cleared a place for him at court and seated him near his own person. At his instruction, the gifts were brought forward and counted out one by one to the Khaqan's treasurer. The Khaqan said: "May you never be diminished in the world for lack of wealth. If you wish to accept something from me, say so and I will accept something from you in return. But if not, you yourself shine brighter than any gift — you are a crown upon the wise men of the world."

They prepared a pleasant lodging and fashioned garments of every kind. At banquets, on hunts, at feasts with wine — Kherad Barzin was always welcome near the Khaqan. He watched and waited, and one day found his opening. He pressed forward boldly in his speech:

"Bahram is base in nature — worse than Ahriman himself in his evil conduct. He sells worldly men for silver that is not worth a penny. Hormozd the crowned king raised him up; he lifted his throne higher than the sun. No one in the world knew his name, yet every desire of his was fulfilled from the world. If he shows you great kindness now, in the end he will break your oath — just as he broke faith with the King of Iran. He worships neither Khosrow nor God. If you send him to the king, you will raise Iran's king to the moon. After that, all of China and Iran will be yours — you can set your throne wherever you wish."

The Khaqan heard this and was stunned. His eyes darkened at the words. He said: "Do not speak this way! You will dim your honor in my eyes. I am not an ill-wisher or an oath-breaker — the oath-breaker finds only a shroud."

When Kherad Barzin heard this, he knew his direct approach had failed — Bahram had given the Khaqan hope of Iran, and his own words would be wind and willow.

When his hope through the Khaqan turned dark, he went in desperation toward the Khatun. He searched for someone close to her who might illuminate his dark soul. He found a steward of her household and gained access to sit with him. He reminded the man of Khosrow's cause and gladdened the spiritless man's heart.

The steward said: "The Khatun will support me — I can become a scribe at her gate." But the resourceful steward also warned: "Her wishes will not be fulfilled through her, because Bahram Chobin is her son-in-law. Bahram is her core and substance. You are a man of the pen — devise some stratagem, and do not release this secret to the wind."

Kherad Barzin heard this and saw no beginning or end to his predicament. There was an old Turk named Qalun, whom the Turks held in contempt. His clothing was all sheepskin; his food was dried curds and millet. Kherad Barzin sent someone to summon him and seated him in a place of honor. He gave him silver and gold coins, gave him clothing and abundant food. Whenever he sat down to eat, he invited Qalun and seated him among the notables.

The man was full of thought — much-knowing, patient-hearted, shrewd, and capable. Meanwhile, through the household steward, Kherad Barzin was working on a plan through the Chinese Khatun. But whenever he went before the Khaqan by day or night, he kept his lips sealed.

The old man said to the envoy: "A distinguished man and scribe like you — if you also had some skill in medicine, and if your name were known from afar, it would be a new crown upon his head — especially since his daughter has fallen ill."

Kherad Barzin said: "I have that knowledge too. If you say the word, I will set my hand to this task." The steward ran to the Khatun: "A learned new physician has arrived." She said: "May you live and drink sweetly! Bring him — do not delay in this matter."

The steward went to Kherad Barzin and said: "This secret must be kept hidden. Go before her — do not give your name. Present yourself as a physician, fresh-faced."

Kherad Barzin went to the Khatun's quarters. He examined the patient and found her liver damaged. He ordered pomegranate juice and watercress from the stream — he called the herb chicory — intending to draw the fever from her brain. By God's grace, after seven days the girl shone like the world-illuminating moon.

The Khatun brought gold coins from the treasury — a purse and five bolts of gold brocade. She said: "Take this unworthy thing, and ask for whatever else you need." He answered: "Keep this for now. I will ask for it when the time comes."

Notes

1personجم / تهمورس / کی قباد / اسفندیار / کیخسرو / رستم

Jamshid, Tahmuras, Kay Qobad, Esfandiyar, Kay Khosrow, Rostam — legendary kings and heroes of Iran's mythical past. Kherad Barzin invokes them to remind the Khaqan of the vast sweep of Iranian royal heritage.

2personآهرمنAhriman

Ahriman — the Zoroastrian principle of evil, the destructive spirit. Calling Bahram worse than Ahriman is the strongest possible condemnation.

3personقلونQalun

Qalun — an impoverished, despised old Turk whom Kherad Barzin recruits as an assassin. His poverty makes him both expendable and invisible.

4context

Kherad Barzin's medical skill is a classic device in Persian literature — the diplomat-physician who gains access to the inner court through healing. By curing the Khatun's daughter, he creates a debt that will prove crucial.

Edition & Source

Author
فردوسی (Ferdowsi, c. 977–1010 AD)
Edition
شاهنامه — Wikisource plain edition