管蔡世家

Guan Shu Xian and Cai Shu Du were sons of King Wen of Zhou and younger brothers of King Wu. King Wu had ten brothers by the same mother. Their mother was Tai Si, the principal consort of King Wen. The eldest son was Bo Yikao; the second was King Wu, Fa; the third was Guan Shu Xian; the fourth was the Duke of Zhou, Dan; the fifth was Cai Shu Du; the sixth was Cao Shu Zhenduo; the seventh was Cheng Shu Wu; the eighth was Huo Shu Chu; the ninth was Kang Shu Feng; and the tenth was Yan Jizai. Yan Jizai was the youngest. Among the ten brothers of the same mother, only Fa and Dan were men of exceptional worth. They served King Wen at his left and right hand, and so King Wen passed over Bo Yikao and made Fa his crown prince. When King Wen died and Fa took the throne, he became King Wu. Bo Yikao had already died before this.

When King Wu had conquered Yin Zhou and pacified All-Under-Heaven, he enfeoffed his meritorious ministers and brothers. He enfeoffed Shu Xian at Guan and Shu Du at Cai: these two were appointed to oversee Wu Geng Lufu, the son of King Zhou of Shang, and administer the remnant Yin population. He enfeoffed Shu Dan at Lu to serve as the Duke of Zhou and assist the Zhou court. He enfeoffed Shu Zhenduo at Cao, Shu Wu at Cheng, and Shu Chu at Huo. Kang Shu Feng and Yan Jizai were still too young and had not yet received fiefs.

When King Wu died, King Cheng was young, and the Duke of Zhou took charge of the royal house. Guan Shu and Cai Shu suspected that the Duke of Zhou intended harm against King Cheng, and they allied with Wu Geng to raise a rebellion. The Duke of Zhou, bearing King Cheng's mandate, led a punitive campaign and executed Wu Geng, killed Guan Shu, banished Cai Shu and exiled him, granting him ten chariots and seventy followers. He divided the remnant Yin population into two groups: one was enfeoffed under Weizi Qi at Song, to continue the Yin sacrifices; the other was enfeoffed under Kang Shu as ruler of Wei — this was Kang Shu of Wei. Jizai was enfeoffed at Yan. Both Yan Ji and Kang Shu had upright conduct, and so the Duke of Zhou elevated Kang Shu to serve as the Zhou Minister of Justice and Yan Ji as the Zhou Minister of Works, to assist King Cheng in governing. Both gained fine reputations throughout the realm. Cai Shu Du died in exile. His son was named Hu. Hu reformed his conduct and led a life of virtue and goodness. When the Duke of Zhou heard of this, he promoted Hu to serve as a chief minister in Lu, and Lu was well governed. The Duke of Zhou then spoke to King Cheng, and Hu was re-enfeoffed at Cai to maintain Cai Shu's sacrifices — this was Cai Zhong. The remaining five brothers all went to their states and none served as officials at the royal court.

When Cai Zhong died, his son Cai Bo Huang succeeded. When Cai Bo Huang died, his son Duke Gong succeeded. When Duke Gong died, his son Duke Li succeeded. When Duke Li died, his son Duke Wu succeeded. In Duke Wu's time, King Li of Zhou lost his throne and fled to Zhi. The Gonghe Regency administered the government, and many lords rebelled against Zhou.

When Duke Wu died, his son Duke Yi succeeded. In the eleventh year of Duke Yi, King Xuan of Zhou took the throne. In Duke Yi's twenty-eighth year, he died, and his son Duke Xi Suoshi succeeded.

In the thirty-ninth year of Duke Xi, King You of Zhou was killed by the Quanrong. The Zhou royal house declined and moved east. Qin first came to be listed among the lords.

In Duke Xi's forty-eighth year, he died, and his son Duke Gong Xing succeeded. Duke Gong died in his second year. His son Duke Dai succeeded. Duke Dai died in his tenth year, and his son Duke Xuan Cuofu succeeded.

In the twenty-eighth year of Duke Xuan, Duke Yin of Lu first took the throne. In his thirty-fifth year, Duke Xuan died. His son Duke Huan Fengren succeeded. In the third year of Duke Huan, Lu assassinated their lord Duke Yin. In Duke Huan's twentieth year, he died, and his brother Duke Ai Xianwu succeeded.

In the eleventh year of Duke Ai: earlier, Duke Ai had married a woman from Chen, and the Marquis of Xi had also married from Chen. When the lady of Xi was traveling to her husband's state, she passed through Cai, and the Marquis of Cai treated her disrespectfully. The Marquis of Xi was furious and petitioned King Wen of Chu: "Come attack me. I will seek aid from Cai, and Cai will certainly come. Then Chu can strike them — you can win a great victory." King Wen of Chu followed this plan and captured Duke Ai of Cai, taking him back to Chu. Duke Ai was held for nine years and died in Chu. He had reigned twenty years in all. The people of Cai established his son Xi — this was Duke Mu.

Duke Mu gave his younger sister in marriage to Duke Huan of Qi. In his eighteenth year, Duke Huan of Qi was playing with the Cai woman in a boat. The lady rocked the boat; Duke Huan told her to stop, but she would not. The Duke grew angry and sent the Cai woman home — but without formally repudiating the marriage. The Marquis of Cai was furious and married his sister to another. Duke Huan of Qi was enraged and attacked Cai. Cai collapsed, and Duke Huan captured Duke Mu and marched south as far as Shaoling in Chu territory. Afterward, the lords interceded with Qi on Cai's behalf, and the Duke of Qi released the Marquis of Cai. In his twenty-ninth year, Duke Mu died. His son Duke Zhuang Jiawu succeeded. In the third year of Duke Zhuang, Duke Huan of Qi died. In his fourteenth year, Duke Wen of Jin defeated Chu at Chengpu. In his twentieth year, the Chu crown prince Shangchen murdered his father King Cheng and took his place. In his twenty-fifth year, Duke Mu of Qin died. In his thirty-third year, King Zhuang of Chu took the throne. In his thirty-fourth year, Duke Zhuang died, and his son Duke Wen Shen succeeded.

In the fourteenth year of Duke Wen, King Zhuang of Chu attacked Chen and killed Xia Zhengshu. In the fifteenth year, Chu besieged Zheng. Zheng surrendered to Chu, and Chu released them. In the twentieth year, Duke Wen died, and his son Duke Jing Gu succeeded.

In the first year of Duke Jing, King Zhuang of Chu died. In his forty-ninth year, Duke Jing had taken a wife from Chu for his crown prince Ban, but Duke Jing himself had an affair with her. The crown prince assassinated Duke Jing and took the throne — this was Duke Ling.

In the second year of Duke Ling, the Chu prince Gongzi Wei murdered his king Jia'ao and took the throne as King Ling of Chu. In Duke Ling's ninth year, the Marshal of Chen, Zhao, murdered his lord Duke Ai. Chu sent Prince Qiji to destroy Chen and annex it. In the twelfth year, King Ling of Chu, citing Duke Ling's patricide, lured the Duke of Cai Ling to Shen, laid an ambush of armed men at a banquet, got him drunk, and killed him. He also executed seventy of Duke Ling's soldiers. He then ordered Prince Qiji to besiege Cai. In the eleventh month, Cai was destroyed, and Qiji was installed as Lord of Cai.

Three years after Chu destroyed Cai, the Chu prince Qiji murdered his lord King Ling and took the throne as King Ping. King Ping sought out Lu, the youngest son of the former Duke Jing of Cai, and established him as ruler — this was Duke Ping. That same year, Chu also restored the state of Chen. King Ping of Chu, newly enthroned, wished to win the friendship of the lords, and so restored the ruling houses of both Chen and Cai.

Duke Ping died in his ninth year. Dongguo, grandson of Duke Ling's son Ban, attacked the son of Duke Ping and installed himself — this was Duke Dao. Duke Dao's father was called the Hidden Crown Prince You. The Hidden Crown Prince was Duke Ling's heir, but Duke Ping had killed him when he took the throne. So when Duke Ping died, the Hidden Crown Prince's son Dongguo attacked Duke Ping's son and took his place — this was Duke Dao. Duke Dao died in his third year, and his brother Duke Zhao Shen succeeded.

In the tenth year of Duke Zhao, he went to pay court to King Zhao of Chu, bringing two fine fur robes. He presented one to King Zhao and wore the other himself. The Chu chief minister Zichang coveted the second robe, but Duke Zhao refused to give it to him. Zichang slandered the Marquis of Cai, and Duke Zhao was detained in Chu for three years. When the Duke learned what had happened, he presented the robe to Zichang. Zichang accepted it and spoke on his behalf, and the Duke of Cai was allowed to return home. On returning, Duke Zhao went to Jin and asked to join Jin in attacking Chu.

In the spring of his thirteenth year, he met with Duke Ling of Wei at Shaoling. The Duke of Cai privately approached Chang Hong, a Zhou official, to secure precedence over Wei. But Wei's envoy cited the merits of Kang Shu, and Wei was given precedence. In summer, he destroyed the state of Shen on behalf of Jin. Chu was furious and attacked Cai. Duke Zhao sent his son as a hostage to Wu to jointly attack Chu. In winter, together with King Helü of Wu, they broke through and entered the Chu capital Ying. Cai's resentment was directed at Zichang, who fled in terror to Zheng. In the fourteenth year, Wu withdrew and King Zhao of Chu recovered his state. In the sixteenth year, the Chu chief minister wept before his people while plotting against Cai, and Duke Zhao grew fearful. In the twenty-sixth year, Confucius traveled to Cai. King Zhao of Chu attacked Cai. Cai was terrified and sent urgent appeals to Wu. Since Wu was far away, they agreed that Cai should relocate closer to Wu, making mutual aid easier. Duke Zhao privately agreed without consulting his ministers. The men of Wu came to rescue Cai and in the process relocated Cai to Zhoulai. In the twenty-eighth year, Duke Zhao was about to go pay court to Wu. His ministers, fearing yet another forced relocation, sent the assassin Zei Li to kill Duke Zhao. Afterward, they executed Zei Li to deflect blame, and established Duke Zhao's son Shuo — this was Duke Cheng.

In the fourth year of Duke Cheng, Song destroyed Cao. In the tenth year, Tian Chang of Qi murdered his lord Duke Jian. In the thirteenth year, Chu destroyed Chen. In the nineteenth year, Duke Cheng died. His son Duke Sheng Chan succeeded. Duke Sheng died in his fifteenth year, and his son Duke Yuan succeeded. Duke Yuan died in his sixth year, and his son Marquis Qi succeeded.

In the fourth year of Marquis Qi, King Hui of Chu destroyed Cai. Marquis Qi fled, and Cai's sacrifices were permanently extinguished. This was thirty-three years after the destruction of Chen.

Bo Yikao — what became of his descendants and their enfeoffment is unknown. King Wu, Fa — his descendants were the house of Zhou, recorded in the Basic Annals. Guan Shu Xian raised a rebellion and was executed; he had no posterity. The Duke of Zhou, Dan — his descendants were the house of Lu, recorded in the Hereditary Houses. Cai Shu Du — his descendants were the house of Cai, recorded in the Hereditary Houses. Cao Shu Zhenduo — his descendants were the house of Cao, recorded in the Hereditary Houses. Cheng Shu Wu — nothing is known of his later descendants. Huo Shu Chu — his descendants' state of Huo was destroyed by Duke Xian of Jin. Kang Shu Feng — his descendants were the house of Wei, recorded in the Hereditary Houses. Yan Jizai — nothing is known of his later descendants.

The Grand Historian says: The rebellion of Guan and Cai is in itself of little significance to record. Yet when King Wu died and King Cheng was young, All-Under-Heaven was already in doubt, and it was thanks to the ten brothers of the same mother — Cheng Shu, Yan Ji, and the others — who served as supports and counterweights, that the lords at last submitted to Zhou. It is for this reason that their account is appended to the Hereditary Houses.

Cao Shu Zhenduo was a brother of King Wu of Zhou. When King Wu had conquered Yin Zhou, he enfeoffed Shu Zhenduo at Cao.

When Shu Zhenduo died, his son Tai Bo Pi succeeded. When Tai Bo died, his son Zhongjun Ping succeeded. When Zhongjun Ping died, his son Gong Bo Hou succeeded. When Gong Bo Hou died, his son Xiao Bo Yun succeeded. When Xiao Bo Yun died, his son Yi Bo Xi succeeded.

In the twenty-third year of Yi Bo, King Li of Zhou fled to Zhi.

Yi Bo died in his thirtieth year. His brother You Bo Qiang succeeded. In the ninth year of You Bo, his brother Su killed him and took the throne — this was Dai Bo. In the first year of Dai Bo, King Xuan of Zhou had already been on the throne for three years. In his thirtieth year, Dai Bo died, and his son Hui Bo Si succeeded.

In the twenty-fifth year of Hui Bo, King You of Zhou was killed by the Quanrong. The Zhou court moved east, growing ever weaker, and the lords abandoned it. Qin first came to be listed among the lords.

In Hui Bo's thirty-sixth year he died. His son Shifu succeeded, but his brother Wu killed him and took the throne — this was Duke Mu. Duke Mu died in his third year. His son Duke Huan Zhongsheng succeeded.

In the thirty-fifth year of Duke Huan, Duke Yin of Lu took the throne. In his forty-fifth year, Lu assassinated Duke Yin. In the forty-sixth year, Hua Fu Du of Song murdered his lord Duke Shang and Minister Kong. In Duke Huan's fifty-fifth year he died. His son Duke Zhuang Xigu succeeded.

In the twenty-third year of Duke Zhuang, Duke Huan of Qi first became hegemon.

In Duke Zhuang's thirty-first year he died. His son Duke Xi Yi succeeded. Duke Xi died in his ninth year. His son Duke Zhao Ban succeeded. In the sixth year of Duke Zhao, Duke Huan of Qi defeated Cai and advanced to Chu's Shaoling. Duke Zhao died in his ninth year. His son Duke Gong Xiang succeeded.

In the sixteenth year of Duke Gong: earlier, when Prince Chonger of Jin was fleeing through Cao in exile, the ruler of Cao treated him rudely and wished to see his fused ribs. Xi Fuji remonstrated but was ignored, and privately treated Chonger well. In the twenty-first year, Duke Wen of Jin, Chonger, attacked Cao and captured Duke Gong, taking him back to Jin. He ordered his army not to enter the neighborhood of Xi Fuji's clan. Someone persuaded Duke Wen: "In the past, Duke Huan of Qi convened the lords and restored those of different surnames. Now Your Lordship imprisons the ruler of Cao and destroys a state of the same surname — how will you command the lords?" Jin then released and restored Duke Gong.

In the twenty-fifth year, Duke Wen of Jin died. In the thirty-fifth year, Duke Gong died. His son Duke Wen Shou succeeded. Duke Wen died in his twenty-third year. His son Duke Xuan Qiang succeeded. Duke Xuan died in his seventeenth year. His brother Duke Cheng Fuchu succeeded.

In the third year of Duke Cheng, Duke Li of Jin attacked Cao and captured Duke Cheng, but later released him. In the fifth year, Luan Shu and Zhonghang Yan of Jin had Cheng Hua assassinate their lord Duke Li. In Duke Cheng's twenty-third year he died. His son Duke Wu Sheng succeeded. In the twenty-sixth year of Duke Wu, the Chu prince Qiji murdered King Ling and took his place. In Duke Wu's twenty-seventh year he died. His son Duke Ping succeeded. Duke Ping died in his fourth year. His son Duke Dao Wu succeeded. In that year, Song, Wei, Chen, and Zheng all suffered fires.

In the eighth year of Duke Dao, Duke Jing of Song took the throne. In the ninth year, Duke Dao went to pay court to Song. Song seized and imprisoned him. Cao established his brother Ye — this was Duke Sheng. Duke Dao died in Song and was returned for burial.

In the fifth year of Duke Sheng, Tong — a brother of Duke Ping — assassinated Duke Sheng and took the throne as Duke Yin. In the fourth year of Duke Yin, Lu — a brother of Duke Sheng — assassinated Duke Yin and took the throne as Duke Jing. Duke Jing died in his fourth year, and his son Boyang succeeded.

In the third year of Boyang, a man of the state dreamed that many noble spirits stood in the shrine of the soil, plotting to destroy Cao. The ancestor Cao Shu Zhenduo stopped them, asking them to wait for Gongsun Qiang. They agreed. The next morning, the dreamer searched Cao for this person but could not find him. The dreamer warned his sons: "When I am dead, if you hear that Gongsun Qiang has come to power, you must leave Cao at once to avoid Cao's disaster."

When Boyang took the throne, he was fond of hunting and falconry. In the sixth year, a man of the Cao countryside named Gongsun Qiang, who was likewise fond of hunting, caught a white goose and presented it to the ruler, and spoke of hunting methods, and then asked about political affairs. Boyang was greatly pleased, gave him his favor, and made him Minister of the City with authority over governance. The dreamer's son fled.

Gongsun Qiang spoke to the Lord of Cao about hegemony. In the fourteenth year, the Lord of Cao followed his advice and turned against Jin and antagonized Song. Duke Jing of Song attacked. Jin did not come to the rescue. In the fifteenth year, Song destroyed Cao, captured Lord Boyang and Gongsun Qiang, brought them back, and killed them. Cao's sacrifices were permanently extinguished.

The Grand Historian says: When I consider that Duke Gong of Cao failed to heed Xi Fuji, yet maintained three hundred men riding in carriages, I understand that virtue alone was left unbuilt. As for the dream of Zhenduo — was this not the ancestor's wish to preserve Cao's sacrifices? Yet Gongsun Qiang did not cultivate proper governance, and the sacrifices of Shu Zhenduo were snuffed out.

Brothers of King Wu — Guan, Cai, and Huo. The Duke of Zhou served as regent, and rumors rose against him. He stumbled like the wolf yet overcame adversity; like the owl, he struck down evil. Hu was able to reform his conduct and restore the family's rank. Duke Ai, Xianwu, was seized by Chu — the lady of Xi had been treated with scant courtesy. Duke Mu was captured by Qi — the boat-rocking ended in offense. Duke Gong of Cao slighted Jin, but Fuji perceived the danger first. Boyang dreamed of the shrine of soil — the fortune bestowed by Zhenduo was overturned.