伍制令 (Ordinance on the Squad System) — Chinese ink painting

尉繚子 Weiliaozi · Chapter 14

伍制令

Ordinance on the Squad System

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互保之制

The System of Mutual Guarantee

軍中之制,五人為伍,伍相保也;十人為什,什相保也;五十為屬,屬相保也;百人為閭,閭相保也。伍有乾令犯禁者,揭之,免於罪;知而弗揭,全伍有誅。什有乾令犯禁者,揭之,免於罪;知而弗揭,全什有誅。屬有乾令犯禁者,揭之,免於罪;知而弗揭,全屬有誅。閭有乾令犯禁者,揭之,免於罪;知而弗揭,全閭有誅。

The military system is as follows: five men form a squad, and the squad members guarantee each other. Ten men form a section, and the section members guarantee each other. Fifty men form a platoon, and the platoon members guarantee each other. One hundred men form a company, and the company members guarantee each other.

If anyone in a squad violates orders or breaks prohibitions, and others report it, the reporters are exempt from punishment. But if they know and do not report, the entire squad is executed. If anyone in a section violates orders or breaks prohibitions, and others report it, the reporters are exempt from punishment. But if they know and do not report, the entire section is executed. The same applies to the platoon and the company.

Notes

1context

The 伍 (wu, squad of 5), 什 (shi, section of 10), 屬 (shu, platoon of 50), and 閭 (lü, company of 100) form the basic organizational hierarchy of the Warring States army. This mutual guarantee system (相保) makes every soldier an enforcer of discipline: concealing an offense is as criminal as committing it.

2context

乾令犯禁: literally 'to transgress orders and violate prohibitions.' 乾 is used here in its sense of 'to offend against' or 'to transgress.' This compound covers any breach of military regulations.

吏卒相保

Officers and Soldiers Guarantee Each Other

吏自什長以上,至左右將,上下皆相保也。有乾令犯禁者,揭之,免於罪;知而弗揭者,皆與同罪。

Among officers, from section leader upward to the generals of the left and right wings, superiors and subordinates all guarantee each other. If any of them violates orders or breaks prohibitions, and others report it, the reporters are exempt from punishment. But if they know and do not report, they all share the same crime.

Notes

3context

The mutual guarantee system extends vertically through the entire chain of command, from the lowest section leader (什長) to the wing generals (左右將). No officer is exempt from collective accountability. This prevents a culture of cover-ups within the officer corps.

什伍相結之效

The Effectiveness of the Interlocking Squad System

夫什伍相結,上下相聯,無有不得之奸,無有不揭之罪。父不得以私其子,兄不得以私其弟,而況國人聚舍同食,烏能以乾令相私者哉!

When squads and sections are bound together and superiors and subordinates are linked, no crime can go undetected and no offense can go unreported. A father cannot shield his own son, an elder brother cannot protect his own younger brother -- how much less can men who are strangers, sharing barracks and meals, conspire to cover up violations!

Notes

4context

The rhetorical argument moves from the stronger case to the weaker: if even family bonds (父子, 兄弟) cannot override the mutual surveillance system, then bonds between unrelated soldiers certainly cannot. This system was implemented in practice in Qin under Shang Yang's reforms, where civilian neighborhoods used the same 什伍 mutual responsibility structure.

Edition & Source

Text
《尉繚子》 Weiliaozi
Edition
中華古詩文古書籍網 transcription
Commentary
Traditional military commentaries