將令 (Ordinance on the General's Command) — Chinese ink painting

尉繚子 Weiliaozi · Chapter 19

將令

Ordinance on the General's Command

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授斧鉞受命

Receiving the Axe and Battle-Axe of Command

將軍受命,君必先謀於廟,行令於廷,君身以斧鉞授將,曰:「左、右、中軍皆有分職,若逾分而上請者死。軍無二令,二令者誅,留令者誅,失令者誅。」

When the general receives his commission, the ruler must first deliberate in the ancestral temple and issue orders in the court. The ruler personally bestows the axe and battle-axe upon the general, saying: 'The left, right, and center divisions each have their designated responsibilities. Anyone who oversteps his authority to petition upward shall die. The army shall have no dual orders: anyone who issues a countermanding order shall be executed, anyone who withholds an order shall be executed, and anyone who loses an order shall be executed.'

Notes

1context

The ceremony of bestowing the 斧鉞 (fu yue, axe and battle-axe) was the formal delegation of sovereign killing authority to the general. The axe symbolized the power of life and death. This ritual is described in multiple Warring States military texts and was practiced through the Han dynasty.

2context

軍無二令 ('the army shall have no dual orders') establishes the principle of unified command. Once the general receives his commission, he is the sole source of authority in the field. This prevents interference from the court -- a principle the Sunzi also emphasizes with 'there are ruler's commands that need not be obeyed' (君命有所不受).

出國門設營

Departing the Capital Gate and Establishing Camp

將軍告曰:「出國門之外,期日中,設營表,置轅門。期之,如過時,則坐法。」

The general announces: 'Beyond the capital gate, I set the deadline at noon to establish the camp markers and erect the carriage-gate. This is the appointed time. Anyone who exceeds the deadline shall be punished under military law.'

Notes

3context

轅門 (yuan men, 'carriage-gate') was the entrance to a military camp, formed by placing two war chariots facing outward with their shafts (轅) pointing upward, creating a gateway. It became the standard term for a camp entrance and later a general's headquarters.

入營清道

Entering Camp and Clearing the Roads

將軍入營,即閉門清道,有敢行者誅,有敢高言者誅,有敢不從令者誅。

When the general enters camp, the gates are immediately closed and the roads cleared. Anyone who dares to move about is executed. Anyone who dares to speak loudly is executed. Anyone who dares to disobey orders is executed.

Notes

4context

The three capital offenses upon the general's entry -- unauthorized movement, loud speech, and disobedience -- establish absolute silence and stillness as the baseline condition of a properly commanded camp. This extreme discipline is characteristic of the Weiliaozi's Legalist approach to military organization.

Edition & Source

Text
《尉繚子》 Weiliaozi
Edition
中華古詩文古書籍網 transcription
Commentary
Traditional military commentaries